{"id":3418,"date":"2023-10-08T06:54:28","date_gmt":"2023-10-08T06:54:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/?post_type=journal_article&#038;p=3418"},"modified":"2025-06-17T18:14:27","modified_gmt":"2025-06-17T18:14:27","slug":"harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids","status":"publish","type":"journal_article","link":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/","title":{"rendered":"Harmonic Analysis and Challenges in Developing Country Power Grids"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a><strong>Ilo, Faustinus Chinedu<sup>1<\/sup>, Prof. Eke, James<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/a><br><sup>12<\/sup>Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><br><em>Nonlinear and electronically switched loads cause harmonic pollution, distort current and voltage waveforms, and increase losses in the power system. Studies in harmonics have become prevalent with the increasing use of capacitors and power-electronic converters in power systems to improve voltage, power factor, and system reliability. Moreover, the <a>International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)<\/a> has set the standard limit of harmonic current injected by nonlinear loads in public distribution. In this study, the focus was on modelling a power grid, harmonic analysis, and reporting of harmonic sources and distortion limit violations. The harmonic load flow examines the effect of harmonic current on the system using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP), version 19. The result shows violations of the IEC standard limit of voltage and current harmonic distortions. Voltage distortions were notably higher in the distribution lines compared to sub-transmission lines, with an average of 23.61% at 33kV, 21.13% at 11kV, and 7.29% at 132kV. Equally, current distortions (THDi%) were significantly higher in the distribution lines, with an average of 70.56% at 11kV, 77.39% at 33kV, and 75.28% at 132kV. In addition, the individual harmonic distortion analysis reveals 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th harmonic orders, measured at 14.76%, 14.09%, 5.14%, and 2.10% for the 11kV feeders, and 19.92%, 11.08%, 5.40%, and 3.26% for the 33kV feeders, respectively. The 132kV feeder primarily experienced significant distortion from the 5th harmonic order, measuring at 6.73%. The combination of high 5<sup>th<\/sup>, 7<sup>th<\/sup>, and 3<sup>rd<\/sup> harmonics causes critical issues to power systems\u2019 quality. In developing countries like Nigeria, higher harmonic distortions are common due to factors including aging infrastructure, rapid industrial growth, limited regulatory standards, inadequate investment in power quality solutions, low awareness, financial constraints, and fragile electrical grids.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Keywords<\/em><\/strong><em>: Harmonic Analysis; Radial Distribution Network; International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); Developing Country Power Grids<\/em><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2023\/10\/EJEES-7.4-1-11.pdf\">FULL PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Citation: <\/em><\/strong>Ilo, F. C. &amp; Eke, J. (2023). Harmonic Analysis and Challenges in Developing Country Power Grids. <em>European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 7(4), 1-11. DOI: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8416470\"><em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8416470<\/em><\/a><br><strong><em>Copyright<\/em><\/strong>\u00a92023 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"template":"","journal_article_cats":[174],"class_list":["post-3418","journal_article","type-journal_article","status-publish","hentry","journal_article_cat-vol-7-no-4"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.2 (Yoast SEO v26.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Harmonic Analysis and Challenges in Developing Country Power Grids - European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nonlinear and electronically switched loads cause harmonic pollution, distort current and voltage waveforms, and increase losses in the power system. Studies in harmonics have become prevalent with the increasing use of capacitors and power-electronic converters in power systems to improve voltage, power factor, and system reliability. Moreover, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has set the standard limit of harmonic current injected by nonlinear loads in public distribution. In this study, the focus was on modelling a power grid, harmonic analysis, and reporting of harmonic sources and distortion limit violations. The harmonic load flow examines the effect of harmonic current on the system using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP), version 19. The result shows violations of the IEC standard limit of voltage and current harmonic distortions. Voltage distortions were notably higher in the distribution lines compared to sub-transmission lines, with an average of 23.61% at 33kV, 21.13% at 11kV, and 7.29% at 132kV. Equally, current distortions (THDi%) were significantly higher in the distribution lines, with an average of 70.56% at 11kV, 77.39% at 33kV, and 75.28% at 132kV. In addition, the individual harmonic distortion analysis reveals 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th harmonic orders, measured at 14.76%, 14.09%, 5.14%, and 2.10% for the 11kV feeders, and 19.92%, 11.08%, 5.40%, and 3.26% for the 33kV feeders, respectively. The 132kV feeder primarily experienced significant distortion from the 5th harmonic order, measuring at 6.73%. The combination of high 5th, 7th, and 3rd harmonics causes critical issues to power systems\u2019 quality. In developing countries like Nigeria, higher harmonic distortions are common due to factors including aging infrastructure, rapid industrial growth, limited regulatory standards, inadequate investment in power quality solutions, low awareness, financial constraints, and fragile electrical grids. Keywords: Harmonic Analysis; Radial Distribution Network; International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); Developing Country Power Grids\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Harmonic Analysis and Challenges in Developing Country Power Grids\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nonlinear and electronically switched loads cause harmonic pollution, distort current and voltage waveforms, and increase losses in the power system. Studies in harmonics have become prevalent with the increasing use of capacitors and power-electronic converters in power systems to improve voltage, power factor, and system reliability. Moreover, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has set the standard limit of harmonic current injected by nonlinear loads in public distribution. In this study, the focus was on modelling a power grid, harmonic analysis, and reporting of harmonic sources and distortion limit violations. The harmonic load flow examines the effect of harmonic current on the system using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP), version 19. The result shows violations of the IEC standard limit of voltage and current harmonic distortions. Voltage distortions were notably higher in the distribution lines compared to sub-transmission lines, with an average of 23.61% at 33kV, 21.13% at 11kV, and 7.29% at 132kV. Equally, current distortions (THDi%) were significantly higher in the distribution lines, with an average of 70.56% at 11kV, 77.39% at 33kV, and 75.28% at 132kV. In addition, the individual harmonic distortion analysis reveals 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th harmonic orders, measured at 14.76%, 14.09%, 5.14%, and 2.10% for the 11kV feeders, and 19.92%, 11.08%, 5.40%, and 3.26% for the 33kV feeders, respectively. The 132kV feeder primarily experienced significant distortion from the 5th harmonic order, measuring at 6.73%. The combination of high 5th, 7th, and 3rd harmonics causes critical issues to power systems\u2019 quality. In developing countries like Nigeria, higher harmonic distortions are common due to factors including aging infrastructure, rapid industrial growth, limited regulatory standards, inadequate investment in power quality solutions, low awareness, financial constraints, and fragile electrical grids. Keywords: Harmonic Analysis; Radial Distribution Network; International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); Developing Country Power Grids\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-06-17T18:14:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/\",\"name\":\"Harmonic Analysis and Challenges in Developing Country Power Grids - European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-10-08T06:54:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-17T18:14:27+00:00\",\"description\":\"Nonlinear and electronically switched loads cause harmonic pollution, distort current and voltage waveforms, and increase losses in the power system. Studies in harmonics have become prevalent with the increasing use of capacitors and power-electronic converters in power systems to improve voltage, power factor, and system reliability. Moreover, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has set the standard limit of harmonic current injected by nonlinear loads in public distribution. In this study, the focus was on modelling a power grid, harmonic analysis, and reporting of harmonic sources and distortion limit violations. The harmonic load flow examines the effect of harmonic current on the system using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP), version 19. The result shows violations of the IEC standard limit of voltage and current harmonic distortions. Voltage distortions were notably higher in the distribution lines compared to sub-transmission lines, with an average of 23.61% at 33kV, 21.13% at 11kV, and 7.29% at 132kV. Equally, current distortions (THDi%) were significantly higher in the distribution lines, with an average of 70.56% at 11kV, 77.39% at 33kV, and 75.28% at 132kV. In addition, the individual harmonic distortion analysis reveals 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th harmonic orders, measured at 14.76%, 14.09%, 5.14%, and 2.10% for the 11kV feeders, and 19.92%, 11.08%, 5.40%, and 3.26% for the 33kV feeders, respectively. The 132kV feeder primarily experienced significant distortion from the 5th harmonic order, measuring at 6.73%. The combination of high 5th, 7th, and 3rd harmonics causes critical issues to power systems\u2019 quality. In developing countries like Nigeria, higher harmonic distortions are common due to factors including aging infrastructure, rapid industrial growth, limited regulatory standards, inadequate investment in power quality solutions, low awareness, financial constraints, and fragile electrical grids. Keywords: Harmonic Analysis; Radial Distribution Network; International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); Developing Country Power Grids\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Harmonic Analysis and Challenges in Developing Country Power Grids\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/\",\"name\":\"European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences\",\"description\":\"\",\"alternateName\":\"DEQE PUBLICATIONS\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Harmonic Analysis and Challenges in Developing Country Power Grids - European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","description":"Nonlinear and electronically switched loads cause harmonic pollution, distort current and voltage waveforms, and increase losses in the power system. Studies in harmonics have become prevalent with the increasing use of capacitors and power-electronic converters in power systems to improve voltage, power factor, and system reliability. Moreover, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has set the standard limit of harmonic current injected by nonlinear loads in public distribution. In this study, the focus was on modelling a power grid, harmonic analysis, and reporting of harmonic sources and distortion limit violations. The harmonic load flow examines the effect of harmonic current on the system using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP), version 19. The result shows violations of the IEC standard limit of voltage and current harmonic distortions. Voltage distortions were notably higher in the distribution lines compared to sub-transmission lines, with an average of 23.61% at 33kV, 21.13% at 11kV, and 7.29% at 132kV. Equally, current distortions (THDi%) were significantly higher in the distribution lines, with an average of 70.56% at 11kV, 77.39% at 33kV, and 75.28% at 132kV. In addition, the individual harmonic distortion analysis reveals 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th harmonic orders, measured at 14.76%, 14.09%, 5.14%, and 2.10% for the 11kV feeders, and 19.92%, 11.08%, 5.40%, and 3.26% for the 33kV feeders, respectively. The 132kV feeder primarily experienced significant distortion from the 5th harmonic order, measuring at 6.73%. The combination of high 5th, 7th, and 3rd harmonics causes critical issues to power systems\u2019 quality. In developing countries like Nigeria, higher harmonic distortions are common due to factors including aging infrastructure, rapid industrial growth, limited regulatory standards, inadequate investment in power quality solutions, low awareness, financial constraints, and fragile electrical grids. Keywords: Harmonic Analysis; Radial Distribution Network; International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); Developing Country Power Grids","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Harmonic Analysis and Challenges in Developing Country Power Grids","og_description":"Nonlinear and electronically switched loads cause harmonic pollution, distort current and voltage waveforms, and increase losses in the power system. Studies in harmonics have become prevalent with the increasing use of capacitors and power-electronic converters in power systems to improve voltage, power factor, and system reliability. Moreover, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has set the standard limit of harmonic current injected by nonlinear loads in public distribution. In this study, the focus was on modelling a power grid, harmonic analysis, and reporting of harmonic sources and distortion limit violations. The harmonic load flow examines the effect of harmonic current on the system using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP), version 19. The result shows violations of the IEC standard limit of voltage and current harmonic distortions. Voltage distortions were notably higher in the distribution lines compared to sub-transmission lines, with an average of 23.61% at 33kV, 21.13% at 11kV, and 7.29% at 132kV. Equally, current distortions (THDi%) were significantly higher in the distribution lines, with an average of 70.56% at 11kV, 77.39% at 33kV, and 75.28% at 132kV. 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Keywords: Harmonic Analysis; Radial Distribution Network; International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); Developing Country Power Grids","og_url":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/","og_site_name":"European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","article_modified_time":"2025-06-17T18:14:27+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/","url":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/","name":"Harmonic Analysis and Challenges in Developing Country Power Grids - European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-10-08T06:54:28+00:00","dateModified":"2025-06-17T18:14:27+00:00","description":"Nonlinear and electronically switched loads cause harmonic pollution, distort current and voltage waveforms, and increase losses in the power system. 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Equally, current distortions (THDi%) were significantly higher in the distribution lines, with an average of 70.56% at 11kV, 77.39% at 33kV, and 75.28% at 132kV. In addition, the individual harmonic distortion analysis reveals 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th harmonic orders, measured at 14.76%, 14.09%, 5.14%, and 2.10% for the 11kV feeders, and 19.92%, 11.08%, 5.40%, and 3.26% for the 33kV feeders, respectively. The 132kV feeder primarily experienced significant distortion from the 5th harmonic order, measuring at 6.73%. The combination of high 5th, 7th, and 3rd harmonics causes critical issues to power systems\u2019 quality. In developing countries like Nigeria, higher harmonic distortions are common due to factors including aging infrastructure, rapid industrial growth, limited regulatory standards, inadequate investment in power quality solutions, low awareness, financial constraints, and fragile electrical grids. Keywords: Harmonic Analysis; Radial Distribution Network; International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); Developing Country Power Grids","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/journal_article\/harmonic-analysis-and-challenges-in-developing-country-power-grids\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Harmonic Analysis and Challenges in Developing Country Power Grids"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/#website","url":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/","name":"European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","description":"","alternateName":"DEQE PUBLICATIONS","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journal_article\/3418","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journal_article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/journal_article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3418"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"journal_article_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/deqepub.org\/ejees\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journal_article_cats?post=3418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}